Human Growth and Development ? Death and Dying
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Human Growth and Development; Death and DyingDeath and DyingDiscussion: Human Development and Growth Human beings recognize death as the final stage for the life cycle of human development and growth, and even with this recognition, no one easily contends with the leaving of a loved one. Kubler-Ross (2005) noted that death and the concept of dying are prone to bring grief. Four major stages accompany grief, and as Kubler-Ross (2005) outlines, these are denial, anger, depression, and acceptance. With subtle minds, we overcome the stress or general grief that comes with a loved one dying. In some circumstances, some of the close friends and relatives are unable to overcome this, and the result is they too succumb to extreme grief. Here then, people are called to understand that death is necessary and must hit any particular family, and indulging ourselves in extreme grief may not solve anything. Sigelman (2011) writes about the general life development and life span, and of particular interest are the stages of life that goes with various categories of people in life namely the infants, the children, the adolescents, the teenagers, or people of middle age and lastly the elderly. All of these people experience different perceptions, attention, and the sensation regarding their life. Sigelman (2011) writes on how we should take development and notes that development has to involve human beings. The development and growth of human beings are essential in general development because without them, there would be little to call development. Therefore, one can note that development comes in the realms of human growth. Understanding the concept and content of development is good for planning, that is, development comes because of proper planning.ThanatologyOn a general point of view, thanatology refers to the study of death in people and more notably, it discusses the circumstances that surround the death of people and grief that accompany the deceased ones. People place the concept and study of death or thanatology in the curriculum of nursing, and this is because nursing encompasses the care of people before their death. According to Selder (1991), scholars have emphasized the dynamics thanatology and nursing in the course of the last few decades. Lots of literature focuses on death as the last stage of life. The state of death is prone to affect people both psychologically and socially, and to some extent, the financial aspect. In other cases, people discuss the concept of death or thanatology as a way of providing the palliative care for the people prone to die; for example, the extremely aged or the less physically, mentally, and socially challenged. It is not possible to separate the concept of nursing care from the study of thanatology, that is, proper nursing care is capable of preventing early death while poor nursing care can result to early or unwarranted deaths (Clark, 1992). There are movements that are dedicated to providing the nursing care in connection with thanatology, and among others, these are Adspice, Herman Feifel, Prospice and Respice groups (Clark, 1992). Differences in:Death in infancy or childhood and losing an infantIt is best to put death in infancy as infancy mortality, and by definition, this is losing a child at the very first days or even before a child is born. On the other hand, losing an infant means losing a child whom people have already identified as part of the family. The two sides are very different, and while infancy mortality does not bring a lot of grief, losing a child at tender age is grieving. Garrett (2006) contends that infant mortality has become a real social problem; however, he notes that one cannot equal the problem to the problems that come with the death of a child at tender ages and who the family has already identified with.Death in adolescence and losing a teenagerJust as it is with the difference in infancy mortality and death of a young kid, death of a teenager and death in adolescence are different. That is, one has some real attachment while for the other one can take it as a casual undertaking or a passage in life. Losing a teenager brings lots of depression more than when people consider an adolescent who has died. While the word adolescence has real attachment, the mention of the word teen and the consequent death is tragic. In most cases, the death of a teen means a real blow to the continuity of life in a family while on the other hand people mention casually about death in infancy. Death in early adulthoodBy casual definition, adulthood has a huge range of years and just as the word infancy or adolescence, the word adulthood does not attract huge concentration. However, this is not the case when there is a mention of a young adult as it is with the death of a teen who is supposed to continue nurturing the family tree. The death of a young adult is a real blow to the persons who looked at the person as somebody who could have made life better to the people who depended on him or her. According to Corr (2008), the definition of death or its general concept becomes ?real? when the person dying is one who really had a close association with people, and here, death of a young adult brings that realization that there is now a vacuum more than when the mention is that of an adolescent. Death in late and final adulthoodDeath has more meaning and strikes hard when the circumstance does not prepare people, or generally, there were some hopes that the person would live a little longer. This is not the same when people have a general acceptance or when people were anticipating for such an occurrence. The mention of the world final adulthood means that people anticipate death occurring at that stage because a person has got to the limits of living. This is not the same with a person dying late in years because people at that stage have already wiped out the anticipation of the person dying. Here then, death at final adulthood has little attachment while death in late years has real attachment with the living ones and the most close to the person.How people deal with deaths at different stagesIn all circumstances of death, it is only acceptance that eases the pain and grief that comes with such circumstances. However, coping with death matters is different with the various stages of life and according to Dorff (1998), the major differences is the degree of attachment to the dead person. At the very tender age, people easily accept, and this is because the lifespan of the little one was not really developed. For the teenagers, it takes time and counseling helps people overcome it. This is the same when it comes with dealing with death of a young adult where close relatives and friends need lots of counseling. Just as it is with the very little ones, death at final adulthood does not bring extreme grief as compared with teenagers and young adults, and therefore, people easily overcome this.Religious/spiritual views about deathHood (2009) writes that religion is part of the living of human beings, and it accompanies a person even in times of death. There are various views that go with death of a person and the following is a discussion of two major religions: Christianity and the Buddhist religion.Christianity- according to Christianity and theology, people regard spiritual death as a separation from God. Christianity holds that people or the human beings distant themselves with God through sin, and death is the ultimate punishment from God about his or her sin. However, most associated with Christianity and death is the spiritual death and according to Pride (2011), this is very different from the physical death that most people know about and refers to the transition of a person from the physical living to the spiritual living. Buddhism- for a Buddhist, living is a practice for death, and therefore, Buddhism as a religion teaches about how to anticipate for deaths. According to Olcott (2010), Buddhism religion teaches people to be in happy and virtuous states and to cultivating positivity. Here, the belief is that for death, it is a must or definite; however, the time when a Buddhist is supposed to die is ultimately indefinite to mean that there is no one who understand when he or she is to die. A general view according Olcott (2010) is that the concept of death acts as a separation of the mind and the body. As a person more oriented to Christianity, I understand the rituals and perspectives going with Christianity. The perspectives on death go along with the belief that there exists a supreme God taking care of the spiritual living after people die. To this end, the living of a person for the Christians is supposed to be righteous so that once a person ascends to heaven in the spiritual body, or the soul, one would live with God for eternity.Death and afterlife My understanding of death is that it is the culmination of the physical living of people. From the perspective of a Christian, it is the end of righteous living in preparation of another life with God. People understand death in some quarters as a punishment from God (Nicholas, 2010). However, for me death is the end of living either righteous or not righteous, and a mark of transition from physical living to spiritual living. To some people, there is no afterlife while others have the belief that people go through physical life transition to a spiritual life. I concur with the second notion that after people die, they transform into some spiritual beings. However, I too contend with some beliefs in some Christian quarters that after death, a division of people takes place that is, those who lived righteously, and those who did not live according to the teachings of the Holy Bible. For the persons who live according to the teachings of the bible, they go to live with God while punishment follows those who do not follow the scripture through burning under fierce fire. HospiceBy definition, hospice is care people who are terminally ill or have symptoms of people suffering from deep ailments receive. There comes with various categories and these are determined majorly by the age of persons under care. There is no particular person from my family or relatives who has ever been placed under the care of hospice, and this is not to mean that there hasn?t been people under critical conditions but means that there hasn?t been extent of conditions requiring hospice care.EuthanasiaThe definition of the word euthanasia comes in hospital management and refers to the termination of life of a person intentionally to relieve pain. As Sigelman (2011) writes, passive euthanasia refers to acting indirectly such as withholding or denying treatments to the person, which is necessary for the continuity of life while active euthanasia refers to using lethal means such as harmful substances to force the person to die. Complicated and incomplete griefComplicated grief refers to incomplete or delayed adaption to the loss of a person and especially death of a close person. According to Mallon (2008), there is no way one can bypass grief because it is an important element in any kind of loss. Example of complicated grief is a mother helping her child to overcome the death of the father by relocating to another place. Incomplete grief is more or less like complicated grief, and refers to situation where some elements of mourning or grieving are by-passed; for example, if a person drowns in a river and people cannot trace him or her it may result to relatives adapting to the situation even before burial. ExperienceA neighbor had to take months before he could contend that his mother died in a road accident, and this is simply because just the previous day, they had spent the whole day together. This formed an example of grief because people had to postpone the burial twice because he had to be at the burial but on the two occasions, he was at the hospital because of grief. Presentation speech This discussion focuses on human development, which people have identified in the paper as essential to overall development. However, in the concept of human development is the idea of death and dying which the discussion has identified as a rite of passage or as the final component of living. The following account for the points discussed. ? Human development and growth- human development is very critical to overall development, and mostly, it is compulsory when it comes to strategic planning? Thanatology- this is the concept of death and a study of death of people and more specifically, the circumstances that surround death of people? Stages of growth and death- this part discus the effects brought by death of people at various stages such as teenagers and adolescents.? Religion and death- various religions teach different concepts that come with death, and in this paper, two major religions are discussed namely Christianity and Buddhism.? Hospice- care given to the terminally weak? Euthanasia- forced death or termination of life to relieve his or her pain? Complicated and incomplete grief- this refers to the adaptation of the loss of a person especially through death prematurely
ReferencesClark, E. (1992). The thanatology community and the needs of the movement. New York, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.Corr, C. (2008). Death and dying, life and living. Belmont: CengageBrain Learning.Dorff, E. (1998). Matters of life and death: A Jewish approach to modern medical ethics. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society.Garrett, E. (2006). Infant mortality: A continuing social problem. Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing limited.Hood, R. (2009). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.Kubler-Ross, E. (2005). On Grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. New York, NY: Elisabeth Kubler-Ross Family Limited Partnership and David Kessler, Inc.Mallon, B. (2008). Dying, death and grief: Working with adult bereavement. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Publishers.Masumian, F. (2002). Life after death: A study of the afterlife in world religions. Rockport: Kalimat Press.Nicholas, T. (2010). Death and afterlife: A theological introduction. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press.Olcott, H. (2010). The buddhist catechism (mobi classics). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis publisher.Pride, Fred (2011). The blossoming of christianity: From the supernatural to the natural. Belmont: CengageBrain Learning.Selder, Florence (1991). Nursing Education in Thanatology: A curriculum continuum. New York: The Haworth Press, IncSigelman, Carol K (2011). Life-span Human development (5th edition). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning
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